Possible remedies for burning issue of Kathmandu roads: Dust generation

Suraj Shah, Khce

Dust arising from development is additional to background dust concentrations. If not adequately controlled dust emissions from developments may lead to increases in dust concentrations beyond the site boundary, which may affect local amenity and influence local air quality.

It is more effective to address dust emissions at the design and planning stage of new development proposals, than to seek to deal with dust problems retrospectively. Likewise it is more effective to deal with potential dust emissions at source, rather than once airborne. However, in context of Nepal system, the solution is searched once problem is in its high phase and it becomes the headlines of national daily. So, as an engineering student I am writing some major remedies  with their economic value to dust generation which is becoming a major health issue to Kathmandu valleys people.

They are as follows:

WATER:

Water is considered as one of the cheapest method for dust control but with the frequent application rates and equipment used in spraying and scarcity of water in context of valley its optional has to be thought. In generally, the effectiveness of water spray depends upon weather and traffic and may be effective from 30 minutes to 3 hours.so with the frequent application cause rise in capital and cause way slippery and cause potholes. If water is used as dust palliatives it should be used with surfactants or wetting agents or mix with less salts.

HYGROSCOPIC SALTS:

It may be next option for valley as water is scare  in a dry period generally (falgun to jesth) hygroscopic salts are typically chloride salts and suppress dust by attracting moisture from the air, keeping the road surface moist. They are generally applied as surface sprays or mixed in, followed by a final wash (rates vary according to material type, preparation and traffic). When the atmospheric moisture falls below 70% relative humidity, the hygroscopic chlorides cease to function, whereas the deliquescent chlorides cease to function at about 30–40% relative humidity. The products are thus climate sensitive, and Jones (1998) reports their limitation to a climate region encompassing Gauteng Chloride salts are able to have their water-attracting functions recharged with a few hours of adequate moisture and humidity.

PETROLEUM RESIN:

 The next solution is Petroleum (emulsified or sulphonated petroleum) resins are derived as a by-product of the oil refining industry; emulsified petroleum resins are formulated as dust suppressants and stabilizers. Binding agents added to the emulsified petroleum resin (derived from paraffinic crude oil) formulation, which penetrate the wearing course and bind the material, preventing them from becoming airborne. In addition, wetting agents, emulsifiers and dispersants are added to increase the penetration and spreading of the product.  The application methodology is dependent on the wearing course material characteristics, usually an initial mix-in application would be required followed by maintenance spray-on applications.

TAR AND BITUMEN EMULSION PRODUCTS:

The last discussed technical solution is Tar-based products are derived from coal tar distillates to which solvents are added to improve penetration. Bituminous based products are based on 80/100 penetration grade bitumen with solvents added. Emulsifiers and wetting agents may be added to enable the product to be mixed with water and applied as a mix-in product, followed by spray-on maintenance applications, at an application frequency and dilution dependent on the product itself, material type, preparation and traffic types and volumes. The palliative works by binding the wearing course material, but performance is sensitive to the quality of the wearing course material.

The graph showing comparisons of these products:

However other technique like traffic management ;reducing speed ,reducing traffic volume.

REFERENCES:

www.saimm.co.za/Journal/v107n07p435.pdf

dec.alaska.gov/air/anpms/Dust/topten_dustctrl2.htm

amponash-dacosta.pdf

https://img08.rl0.ru/d07bb1da4f2a7a1b58d0596017f14c24/c639x454/pix.avaxnews.com/avaxnews/ca/44/000444ca_medium.jpeg

https://img06.rl0.ru/b86f5e5e9234b531a9e85f86c668b98b/c639x453/pix.avaxnews.com/avaxnews/c7/44/000444c7_medium.jpeg

SOLUTION TO CONTROL DUST IN KATHMANDU

Air pollution has become a serious problem in Kathmandu Valley. It is normal that there will be high amount of dust in dry weather but the ongoing work of road extension and Melamchi Pipeline laying have made it worst.

There are lots of news about it, campaigns are done to make government awake about the issues and its being talked everyday in social media. Though, campaigns are done to force government, it hasn't bought any solution. People are investing their time in mass demonstration and advertising their campaigns instead of discussing and bringing out solutions.
The problem isn't only the dust due to construction activities, it is due to over population, increasing industries and heavy traffic which have been emitting carbon dioxide and toxic gases at alarming rate.

SO, I have proposed some solutions for this problems:

1) SPREADING WATER
 The immediate solution to dust is WATER. Water can be spreaded on the roads at the intervals of few
hours by trucks. For example: Koteshowr-Kalanki is the most dusty road in Kathmandu. The dust on the air is not due to ongoing work but due to the movement of vehicles on dusty road. So, spreading water on the existing road will certainly reduce the dust on air.
Same things can be done on other parts of Kathmandu.
Engine oils, chloride slats can also be used for more efficiency but it will be expensive to spread them for longer span.

2) WORKING AT NIGHT
Second solution to the dust would be WORKING AT NIGHT. The excavation of road surfaces increases dust on air. If it is possible, the excavation work should be done at night when temperature will be low and traffic will be less. Not only excavation, transportation of construction materials and their placement should also be done at night.
(If you have ride a bike and had been behind a truck carrying sand/soil, you must have seen the amount of dust it emits )

3) TRAFFIC REGULATION
As mentioned in no. 2, permitting trucks and delivery vehicles only at night time can be a solution. Similarly, regulation of school buses, delivery vans, private vehicles etc. for specific hour can also be a solution. This has already been planned by government. I hope it will start soon.
Similarity ODD-EVEN formula can also be applied in Kathmandu Valley. It was applied during blockade.
Polluted city like DELHI has already practiced it to reduce air pollution. They did it for 10-15 days which reduced the pollution by considerable amount.
This is not only the solution to pollution but a best solution of TRAFFIC JAM.

If we can make a short term plans on the basis of these three things, we can obviously reduce the amount of dust in roads.
To reduce air pollution, we need long term plans which includes proper urban design, afforestation, daily road maintenance and regulation of traffic.

THE ONLY POINT IS, LET'S MAKE SOME DISCUSSION TO BRING OUT THE SOLUTION INSTEAD OF RAISING THE PROBLEMS. PUTTING MASK ON THE FACE OF STATUES AND CONDUCTING MARATHON WILL NOT SOLVE THE PROBLEM. DISCUSSION SHOULD BE DONE IN LOCAL, POLITICAL AND NATIONAL LEVEL WITH MUCH PRIORITY.
"सरकार छदै छ नी भनेर बस्ने हो भने, न त यो समस्याको समाधान हुन्छ न त देश नै बन्छ !!!"

What do girls do when they are alone ?

WELCOME WELCOME WELCOME !!!

If you are a men, you must be in a great hurry to read it. If you are a girl, you must be expecting something different than what you do when you are alone.

In a recent survey carried by our team, we asked girls the same question:

"What do you do when you are alone ? "

The top five answer we received were:

1) READING
     READ, READ, READ !!! How much can they read  yar.... They read every part of their course book. They don't miss a single line and a single figure. Some girls also said, they read novels frequently. And the best medium of reading novels are mobile and computer. Some are offline while some are online. Buying a novel is rare because they love to share.

2) SLEEPING
    A girl said," I love to SLEEP". This must be a case when there is no intern-ate  or battery is dead.

3) WRITING
   Some girls are found to have great passion in writing. If you are wondering what they write with, its pencil and pen. Pencil for quality coz they can be erased and pen for satisfaction.

4) DANCING & SINGING
   Girls love to dance and sing.
   A shy girl said, "I dance to wildest when I am alone. I used to record them too."

5) TAKING PICTURES
    Taking selfie is common among every girls. They take lots and lots of selfie in different pose and positions.

Thank you for your patience.
If I have hurt your emotions, don't worry.
Watch BLOG IN ACTION in my instagram @GANESHGPKS !!!
 #उदर_साफ_साफ_बताताहू.........
   

Smoking Benefits

"Every Cigarette you smoke reduces your expected life by 11 minute."
FUCK OFF !!! I have been listening this since I was a kid ...

कोइ गम भुलानेके लिए पी ते हे, कोइ चाए से तो कोहि दारु से पी ते हे, कोइ येसेही ले ते हे, कोइ joint भर भर के रात भर पी पी कर ढल्ते हे, हर लोक पी ते हे , हर रोज पी ते हे....
ये CIGARETTE हे भैया जी, नही पिया तो जिन्दगी क्या हे ........

Lets go straight into the benefits of smoking :

1) It is used by so many students believing that a cigarette helps them to concentrate in their study.
Actually it has been proved by an experiment carried by Wesnes and Warbuton where smokers and non smokers were required to watch a clock for 80 minute. Every time the hand of the clock paused. they had to press the button.
Not only did smokers outperform non-smokers, they were still performing just as well 60 minutes into the task and they had 10-15% faster reaction time.

2) Smoking reduces the aggression.
In an experiment where people were given to work 6 Hours without a pause. Non Smokers became angry, frustrated and aggressive while smokers were calm.

3) It is believed that smokers has good memory power.
(Don't know how long it exist)

4) It reduces the risk of breast cancer, knee replacement therapy...
(important one.. I don't know the biology inside it coz I am ENGINEER)

5) It lowers risk of DEATH after some heart attacks.
(after ...are you kidding me?? )

AND SMOKING IS PLEASURE......

NOTE: Take them seriously at your own risk.

Why do we urinate before stool ??

WHY PEE WHILE POOPING ?

Well, there is a story of Aakabar and Birbal about this question...
But, does that mean it has no answer ?
If it has, then why can't most people answer the thing that they do every single day. Even people with biological background, MBBS students and a general human who do it everyday can't even start to answer this question.
The answer is "It comes first because it does ". True and Simple.
Okey.....

Do you have the answer ?? YES YOU ???
...............
I don't have.
Before writing this article I searched for the answer but I really got confused on some of our biological parts or say sexual internal organs and even more about their relaxation efficiency.
So, I am not here to answer the question. But I am here to raise this question so that someone like me who is searching the answer would get the appreciable answer.

If you know the answer, please...  explain me in convincing way. Seriously, I would love to read it and share it to others.
Else, share this article so that it will reach to that person who knows the answer. At least he will get a chance to share his knowledge which is unknown to 90% of people.
....
KEEP VISITING THE BLOG !!!!

DONT CLICK: http://www.poopreport.com/Doctor/Content/peepoo.html

Refugee crisis: Facts, effects and possible solutions

Um Nawwaf (Syrian refugee in Jordan) will never forget the day three years ago, when the shells were raining down on the family’s home in Ghouta, Syria. “My daughter was looking for a place to hide, but she fell on a rock and hit her head and since then, she has been suffering from epilepsy. That was the final straw- we simply had to move.”
Um Nawwaf describes how hard it is to be a refugee: “I can barely afford to put a roof over my head. My son Nawwaf had to drop out of school and find a job to help me with the expenses.”
Barely holding back her tears, she says: “My heart breaks every time he leaves for work. He’s only 13 years old.”
With a glimmer of hope in her eyes, Um Nawwaf says: “I wake up every day telling myself that this is a temporary situation and that things will get better soon. I hope so.”

https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2015/12/3-real-stories-from-refugees/

UN defines refugees as, “A refugee is someone who has been forced to flee his or her country because of persecution, war, or violence. A refugee has a well-founded fear of persecution for reasons of race, religion, nationality, political opinion or membership in a particular social group. Most likely, they cannot return home or are afraid to do so. War and ethnic, tribal and religious violence are leading causes of refugees fleeing their countries.” There are 21.3 million refugee in the world now who have been forced to leave their country due to many reasons like war, violence, disasters etc. Some of these people leave their country in search of better life in the developed countries via legal and illegal means while most of them are rehabilitated by the UN agencies, social organizations and NGOs.

Syria, Afghanistan and Somalia are the top three countries producing 53 percent of total refugee. Since civil war started in Syria, the number of refugee has increased to maximum i.e. 4.9 million. The people leaving from middle east to European countries has created a biggest crisis that Europe ever had faced since Second World War. The number has reached to 800,000 from the year 2013 to 2016. Beside them, Iraq, Pakistan, Sudan, Congo, Myanmar, Vietnam etc. have produced refugee in larger scale. The number of refugees from different part of the world suggest how big the problem is and why it hasn’t been successfully addressed. United nations, USA, EU and the neighboring countries has tried hard to rehabilitate all the refugees by providing them good food, shelter, cloths etc. and a job to carry on their normal life. But it hasn’t been that easy as thought and worked out on paper. Still, there are millions of refugees who are living inside tents without food, medicines and proper sanitation. Not only this, they have to live with disrespect and hatred within the society in other countries.