Traverse and it types

A series of connected lines each joining two points on the ground is called a traverse. Each points are known as traverse stations and straight lines between two consecutive stations are called traverse legs.

There are two types of traverse:

1) Closed traverse: The traverse which either originated from a stations and returns to the same stations completing a circuits or run between two known stations (Linked Traverse) is called closed traverse. The closed circuits of the traverse legs is known as traverse circuit.

2) Open Traverse
The traverse which neither returns to the starting stations not closes on any other known station, is called the open traverse. In this case as series of connecting lines extends in teh same general direction.

Traverse can also be classified on the basis of the instruments used:

a) Chain Traversing
b) Compass Traversing
c) Plane Table Traversing
d) Theodolite Traversing
e) Thermometric Traversing 

Error in Surveying

Generally there are two types of error:

1) Cumulative Errors
2) Compensating Errors

1) Commutative Errors

The errors which occur in the same direction and tend to accumulate, or to add up, are called cumulative Errors/ Such an error makes the apparent measurements always either too long or too short.

a) Positive Commutative Error: Measures length more than the actual length .
Eg: Knots in connecting links, incorrect alignment, working in windy weather etc.

b) Negative Cumulative Error: Measures length less than the actual length.
Eg: Flattening of connecting ribs, opening of ring joints etc.

2) Compensating Error 

The error which are liable to occur in either direction and tend to compensate are called compensating errors. These are caused in the following situations:
a) Incorrect holding of the chain
b) The chain is not uniformly calibrated throughout its length.
c) Refinement is not made in plumping during stepping method.

DO I KNOW MYSELF???

Suraj Shah

Civil Engineer

Many people end their life with a one question ‘Actually who was I? , if I lived my life with being myself or just I survived life by being copy or being rubber to mould shape to impress other.’ I just want to request my readers to focus on word “survived”.

I have thought that I am younger for this article but later I thought that I have passed one quarter of life so I may be able to answer who are seeking answer of myself in early quarter of precious life. Many Sad guru and Sadhu are there who have found answer of myself and so they are called spiritual man who are free of love, affection and relation.

By the age of 24, I realised there is always you who is with your physical body in the jungle of 7 billion people which you born and end with your physical body. Nobody knows you better than you even your mother doesn’t know you better. Recently I have watched one inspiring story, in which one man travelling in a train has lost money and accuse another man travelling beside him a thief for a money but so called culprit man say very beautiful line “ he knows me for a hour but I know myself for 23 years how can I stole his money”. And next very popular example of myself is of life of prince Gautam who is popularly known as Gautam Buddha , he had no any lack in life he had family wealth and health and strong kingdom of which he was likely to become king very soon. But he give-up his family wealth and kingdom for the search of question of who is he in actual and he finally found answer and become Buddha and ultimately the light of Asia and creator of Buddhism.

When I generally used to read spiritual book which ultimately focus on know yourself but before 1 yrs. I haven’t explore that there is myself in my heart I just used to think that I have been controlled by mind and I’m slave of that master. I’m young guy and my friends used to told me that I’m boring guy which don’t drink and smoke and they used to force me also and keep taunting but I refuse because I don’t like to have these all stuffs and I can’t live without being me and can’t change my will for them because that will not be me that will be just mask of another person who is unknown to me and my heart. One thing I'd like to add here people who have survived for a years without exploring inner part have been living in dilemma by asking does she/he is actually doing that/this for happiness or for compulsion and ultimately their life ruins but when they know themselves they abandon every cover or networks or spider like net which were disconnecting freedom of life. I have seen many people who were used to throw dust in people’s eye by being wearing fake mask of not being themselves and ultimately are in worst condition. But I don’t see wrong in that too because society don’t accept you easily when you have known yourself because society have not changed as society is busy in fulfilling the physical needs so there is no time for accepting people’s reality at all. And you wear fake mask to impress society but u can’t afford that for a long time because that is not you and individual can’t hide his/her identity for a period.

My conclusion up to couple of decades that if u have abandon or fulfilled physical needs, then only we can think about spiritual needs and can think about this question neither there will be only showoff or fake . If you know yourself you will stop to survive for others and live your own life ruled by you and you will establish your kingdom in which you will be king and for 1000% you will be enlighten and feel so light you can fly and feel every aspects of nature , you can imagine it ……………..

So all my friends that the ultimate conclusion of knowing myself is that you will live your life with protection of your wish and wills which will spread love and happiness and I want to focus here word “ live”.

There is difference between surviving and living in life……………………………

Concrete Tests

Here are all the tests of concrete:

*** HARDENED CONCRETE ***

Important Tests

1) Compressive Strength Test

2) Permeability Test on concrete

3) Tensile Strength Test

4) Water Absorption Test

5) Schmidt Hammer Test 

6) Ultrasonic Test

Other 

7) Density Test

8) Shrinkage Test

9) Creep

10) ModuluS of Rupture

11) Resistance to Abrasion

12) Bond to reinforcement


*** FRESH CONCRETE ***

Important tests

1) Workability Test : Slump Test

2) Setting Time 

3) Bleeding 

4) Compaction Factor

Other

5) Air Content

6) Segregation Resistance

7) Unit Weight

8) Wet Analysis

9) Temperature

10) Heat Generation

11 ) Uee- Bee Test

CEMENT TESTS

Here are the list of all the cement tests :

(Important tests are written in the format of : 
TITLE, INSTRUMENTS REQUIRED,PROCEDURE, OBSERVATION & CALCULATION, RESULT & CONCLUSION. Please Click on the respective test for reading in this format )

Important Tests

1) Fineness Test

2) Soundness Test

3) Consistency Test

4) Initial and Final Setting Time of cement 

5) Tensile Strength Test 


Other Test 

6) Heat and Hydration Test

7) Chemical Composition Test

8) Color Test

9) Presence of Lumps

10) Adulteration Test

11) Temperature Test

12) Float Test

13) Date of Packing

Slump Test

The slump test is essentially a measure of consistency or the wetness of the concrete mix. This test is carried out with a steel mould in the form of a frustrum of cone whose top diameter is 100 mm, bottom diameter is 200 mm and the height is 300 mm. According to Indian standard specifications, the maximum size of the aggregate should not exceed 38 mm in the slump test. This method is suitable only for the concretes of medium to high workability. The slump value for high degree of workability should vary between 80 to 100 mm. It may be noted that as the slump value increases, the workability also increases.

Difference between flexible and rigid pavement

The essential difference between flexible and rigid pavement are as follows :

1) The flexible pavements have low or negative flexural strength and are rather flexible in their structural action under the loads.
The rigid pavements posses noteworthy flexural strength or flexural rigidity. The stress are not transferred from grain to grain to the lower layers as in the case of flexible pavement.

2) The flexible pavements have self healing properties but the rigid pavements do not have any. In other words, whatever deformation occurs in flexible pavement due to heavier wheel loads, it is recoverable to some extent after some time but it is not so in case of rigid pavement.

3) The temperature variations due to changes in atmospheric conditions do not produce stresses in flexible pavements but induce heavy stresses in the rigid pavements.

4) The structural capacity of the flexible pavement is influenced by the strength of the sub-grade while the strength of the sub grade has only little influence upon the structural capacity of the rigid pavements.

5) The cost of construction of flexible pavements is less as compared to rigid pavements.

Flexible Pavement

A pavement which consists of a mixture of asphaltic or bituminous material and aggregate placed on a good quality and compacted granular material is termed as flexible pavement. The water bound macadam is an example of flexible pavement. The pavement consisting of Portland cement concrete slab is referred to as rigid pavement. the cemented grouted roads may be termed as semi-rigid pavement.

Water Bound Macadam Roads

 The roads whose wearing course consists of clean crushed aggregates mechanically interlocked by rolling and bound together with filler material and layer and laid on a well compacted base course is called water bound macadam road. The strength of a water bound macadam course is due to the mechanical interlocking of the aggregate particles and the cohesion between the aggregate particles due to cementious film of soil moisture binder. The WBM roads are in use in our country both as a finished pavement surface for minor roads and as a good base course for superior pavements carrying heavy traffic.

Water Bound Macadam

In water bound macadam roads, the stone pieces used are keyed together by means of sand and clay and no other cementing material is used. The binding effect of sand and clay depends upon the presence of water. When a fast moving vehicle passes over a WBM road, the slurry of sand and clay is sucked out by the pneumatic wheel tyres. The stone pieces get disturbed and finally the road surface is disintegrated. Thus, the WBM roads are not suitable for fast moving vehicles with wheel tyres. These roads are only suitable for slow moving iron wheeled traffic such as tongas, bullock cart etc.

The water bound macadam roads produce dust while in service. In order to minimize the dust nuisance, water should be sprinkled periodically on the road surface and a coat of road oil may be applied so that the dust settles down. The calcium chloride in powdered from may also be spread over the road surface.

Local Attraction, Dip and Magnetic Declination

The magnetic needle is seriously deflected from its normal position when it is under the influence of external attractive forces. Such a disturbing influence is known as local attraction. The term is also used to amount of deviation of the needle form its normal position.

If the needle is perfectly balanced before magnetization, it remains in horizontal position. But it will not remain in the same position after it is magnetized, on account of the magnetic influence of the earth. It will be inclined downwards towards the pole. The inclination of the needle with the horizontal is known as dip of the needle. The amount of dip is not constant, but varies in different parts of the earth. It is 0 degree at the equator and 90 degree at the magnetic poles.

The magnetic meridian at a place does not coincide with the true meridian at the place except in few places. The horizontal angle which the magnetic meridian makes with the true meridian is known as magnetic declination or simply declination of the needle.