Elon Musk proposes city-to-city travel by rocket, right here on Earth

In 2022 , we will be able to travel anywhere on earth in less than an hour. BFR, the new rocket proposed by Spacex will possibly change the way we travel, forever.

Travelling from one city to another around the earth within few minutes in the rocket.

It can carry, 80 to 200 people at one flight.
It can reach up-to 18,000 miles per hour at its peak. 

HONG KONG TO SINGAPORE IN 22 MINUTES, 

LONDON TO DUBAI OR NEW YORK IN 29 MINUTES, 

AND MORE...

Watch the full video for the info :

Most economical Channel section

A channel is said most economical in hydraulics or fluid mechanics if
a) It gives maximum discharge for a given cross sectional area and bed shape.
b) It has minimum wetted perimeter
c) It involves lesser excavation for the designed amount of discharge

The following points are worth noting:

1) The most economical section of a rectangular channel is one which has hydraulic radius equal to half the depth of flow.
 i.e R= y/2

2) The most economical section of a trapezoidal channel is one which has hydraulic mean depth equal to half the depth of flow.

3) The most economical section of a triangular channel is one which has its sloping sides an angle of 45 degree with the vertical.

4) The discharge through a channel of rectangular section is maximum when its breadth is twice the depth.

5) The discharge through a channel of trapezoidal section is maximum when the sloping side is equal to half the width at the top.

6) The discharge through a channel of circular section is maximum when the depth of water is equal to 0.95 times the diameter of circular channel.

7) The velocity through a channel of circular section is maximum when the depth of water is equal to 0.81 time the diameter of circular channel.

8) The depth of water in a channel is corresponding to the minimum specific energy is known as critical depth.

9) If the depth of water in ans open channel is less than the critical depth, then the flow is known as torrential flow.

10) If the depth of water in an open channel is greater than the critical depth then the flow is called tranquil flow. 

Water Hammer

 When a liquid flowing through a long pipe is suddenly brought to rest by closing the valve at the end of a pipe, then a pressure wave s high intensity is produced behind the valve. This pressure wave of high intensity has the effect of hammering action on the walls of the pipe. This phenomenon is known as water hammer or hammer blow.

The magnitude of water hammer depends upon
a) The length of pipe line
b) The elastic properties of the pipe material
c) The elastic properties of the liquid flowing through the pipe
d) The speed at which the valve is closed

Types of Flow in a Pipe

The type of flow of a liquid depends upon the manner in which the particles unite and move. though there are many types of flows, yet the following are important:

1) Uniform flow : A flow, in which the liquid particles at all sections of a pipe or channel have the same velocities is called a uniform flow.

2) Non Uniform flow :  A flow in which the liquid particles at different sections of a pipe or channel have different velocities is called a non-uniform flow.

3) Streamline flow: A flow, in which each liquid particle has a definite path and the paths of individual particles do not cross each other is called streamline flows.

4) Turbulent Flow: A flow, in which each liquid particle does not have a definite path and the paths of individual particles also cross each other, is called a turbulent flow.

5) Steady flow : A flow, in which the quantity of liquid flowing per second is constant, is called a steady flow. A steady flow may be uniform or non-uniform.

6) Unsteady flow: A flow, in which the quantity of liquid flowing per second is not constant is called an unsteady flow.

7) Compressible flow: A flow, in which the volume of fluid and its density changes during the flow, is called a compressible flow. All the gases are considered to have compressible flow.

8) Incompressible flow : A flow, in which the volume of fluid and its density does not change during the flow, is called an incompressible flow. All the liquids are considered as in-compressible flow.

9) Rotational Flow: A flow, in which the fluid particles also rotate about their own axes while flowing, is called rotational flow.

10) Irrotational Flow: A flow, in which the fluid particles do not rotate about their own axes and retain their original orientation is called irrotational flow.

11) One dimensional flow: A flow, in which the streamlines of its moving particles are represented by straight line is called one-dimension flow.

12) Two dimensional flow : A flow, whose streamline of its moving particles are represented by a curve is called a two dimensional flow.

13) Three dimensional flow: A flow, whose streamlines are represented in space i.e along three mutually perpendicular directions, is called a three dimensional flow.

Simple Harmonic Motion

A body is said to move or vibrate with simple harmonic motion (SHM), if it satisfies following conditions:

1) Its acceleration is always directed towards the center as point of reference or mean position, and

2) Its acceleration is proportional to the distance from that point.

The following terms are commonly used in simple harmonic motion:

1. Amplitude (A)
It is the maximum displacement of a body from its mean position. The amplitude is always equal to the radius of the circle.

2) Periodic Time (T)
It is the time taken for one complete revolution of the particle.
Mathematically,

Periodic time, T = ( 2*pi ) / w  sec

3) Frequency (f)
It is the number of cycles per second and it is the reciprocal of time period (t)
Mathematically,

Frequency, f = 1/T = w / (2* pie)

Note: In SI, the unit of frequency is hertz (Hz) which is equal to one cycle per second. 

A TEA GIRL

 दाई चिया पिउनु हुन्छ ??
(पछाडी फर्केर हेरे ) आमै !! तिमी त त्यही  नानु होइन र !!
(मुसुक हसिन )
यहाँ आउ तिमी संग त म बसेरै कुरा गर्छु !
पहिला चिया खानुस, अनि मात्रै कुरा गर्छु।
ल हस !!
तिमी कुन स्कुलमा पढ्छौ ?
............
( बाकी भिडियोमा )

VIDEO

अनि तिमीले चिया बेच्न थालेको कति भयो त ?
उमम् , खोइ १-२ वर्ष भयो होला !!
अनि गारो हुदैन यत्रो क्यान बोक्न ?
हुदैन !!
कति कप हुन्छ नि यस्मा ?
२५ ।
कति रुपैया त चिया को ?
२०- २० (म र अश्मिन)
(मैले ५० को नोट दिए)
चेन्ज छैन।
ल ल , लाऊ पर्दैन चेन्ज।
Thank you.....
(She left)

(छेउमै आर्को चिया दिदिले  हामीलाई हेरी रहनु भाको रेछ , जो चाई  त्यो नानु आउनु भन्दा अगी आउनु भएको थियो :
भाई, चिया पिउनु  हुन्छ ?
नखाऊ दिदि, यस्तो गर्मी छ !! ) #hehe

The smile on her face after we accepted for tea

Lets make some points out of it :

She has been reading in private school and I hope her parents are earning well enough to support her education. I believe she doesn't come to Basantapur every single day instead she is assisting her mother in holidays.

The question I asked to her were about Education, Parents/their job and how difficult is the work. Quite happy with all the answers.

Definitely, she is too small to work but she is doing it with joy. She approaches to the people and ask them to have tea. I saw lots of people refusing and she just smile and get back to her work. She might get more than 100 rejection to sell her 25 cups of tea. And she won't stop approaching to the people and get back with smile. That smile really motivated me, rejection will always be there but without being rejected you cannot earn anything in life.
She takes brake, puts her can at one corner and dance/run on the ground. She is just enjoying it.

I have some question to her parents:
' Are you doing right or wrong ? '
'Why are you preparing your daughter to do the same what you have been doing ? '

I hope they don't want that.

Finally, its illegal to make children work. I really don't support her work/labor but if  her parents are happy and she is enjoying the work without any pain,
let her do..
let her approach to people and get back with smile
let her build that strong mentality..
let her spread smile in the many faces like mine..
let her motivate people like me..
LET HER GROW !!

SOME PHOTOS :

There is the Thermos

Running here and there

Doubly Reinforced Beam

The beam section in which the steel reinforcement is provided on both sides i.e. in tension as well as compression sides is called a doubly reinforced section.

The doubly reinforced section is preferred in the following cases:

1) When the members are subjected to alternate external loads and the bending moment in the section reverse.
2) When the members are subjected to loading eccentric on either side of the axis.
3) When the members are subjected to shock impact or accidental lateral loads.
4) When overall size of beam section is limited.
5) When the beam section is continuous over several supports.

The theory of doubly reinforced section is based on the same assumptions as for singly reinforced section. In the steel beam theory of doubly reinforced concrete beams, it is assumed that

a) tension steel resists the tension and compression steel resists the compression,
b) stress in the compression steel is equal to to the stress in tension steel.
c) no stress is developed in tension and compression concrete. 

Cavity Wall

A cavity wall or hollow wall consists of two separate walls called leaves or skins with a cavity or gap in between. The cavity wall construction is an effective method of damp prevention, in which the main wall of building is shielded by an outer skin wall, leaving a cavity between the two. The cavity wall are often constructed for giving better insulation to the building. It also prevents the dampness to enter and acts as sound insulation.

The cavity extend vertically all along the height of the wall, except at the openings, where it is discontinued. The cavity should terminate near coping in case of flat roods with parapet walls and up-to or near eaves level in case of sloping roof. In the foundations, the cavity should start near the ground level or 150 mm below the D.P.C level.

TBM ( Tunnel Boring Machine ) in Nepal

TBM is going to be used in the Bheri Babai diversion multi project for the first time in the history of Nepal.

This project aims to divert the water from Bheri river to Babai at the rate of 50 cubic meter per second for facilitating 80,000 bighas of land Bara and  Parsa district. Also, it is designed to produce 48 MW of hydroelectricity.

In this project, tunnel of 12 km should be constructed which is very difficult by drill and blast method. Hence, this TBM is bought from China, Shanghai. Its cost is 2.5 arab and its size is 200m long and cutting diameter is 5.06 m. It will take about 1 months for assembling which has been started by early September, 2017.

If this TBM can be used in further tunneling projects, Nepal will have rapid development in roads, canals and underground metro in future.


Photo Gallery

Assembly going on

TYPES OF FOUNDATION

Generally, there are two types of foundation.

1) Shallow Foundation

Some of its example are:

a) Spread Footing

b) Combined Footing

c) Strap Footing

d) Raft or mat Footing

2) Deep foundation

Some of its example are :


a) Pile foundation

b) Pier Foundation

c) Well Foundation

Method of design of RCC Structutres

1) Working Stress Method  (WSM) 

This method  is also know n as modular ration method or elastic methods. It is most popular and commonly used method for the design purpose. In this m,ethod the moment nad forces actin on a structure are obtained from the actial values of service loads but the stresses in concrete and the reinforcing steel are restricted to onlt a fraction of their true strenght in order to proved an sadquate safety factor. A factor of safety of 3n in concrete and 1.78 to 1.80 in steel is generally adopted.

2) Limit State Method 

This method is also known as plastic method. In this method, the structures is designed to withstand safely all loads liable to act on it throughout its life. It should also satisfy the serviceability requirements such as prevention of excessive deflection, excessive cracking and excessive vibration. The acceptable limit for the safety and serviceability requirements before failure occurs is called limit state.

3) Ultimate Strength Method 

This method is also known as load factor method. In this method of design, the true margin of safety is accurately known. The ultimate strength procedure is based upon the results obtained from the experimental investigation depicting the true behavior of the structures.

Flow lines and Equipotential lines

The flow net in the seepage of water through a soil medium is a network of flow lines and equipotential lines. The flow net is used to determine the seepage flow, hydro-static pressure, seepage pressure and exit gradient. A flow line or stream line in a seepage through a soil medium is defined  as the path of particles of water through a saturated soil mass. The equipotential line in a seepage  through a soil mass is defined as the line connecting the points of equal head of water. The direction of seepage is always perpendicular to the euipotential lines. The flow lines and equipotential line are intersecting lines at 90 degree to each other.

* The portion between any two successive flow line is known as flow channel. The potion enclosed between two successive equipotential line and successive flow line is known as field.
* The discharge (Q) passing throuh a flow net for isotropic soil is given by :

Q = KH * Nf/Nd

K = A constant
H = Total Hydraulic Head causing flow
Nf = number of flow channels
Nd = Number of potential drops

TOP 10 UNIVERSITIES OF USA

Here is the list of top universities of USA. (By clicking on 'click', you can visit there websites)

1. Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) (click)

Location: Cambridge, Massachusetts

World Ranking: 1

2. Stanford University (click)

Location: Silicon Valley

World Raking: 2

3. Harvard University (click)

Location: Cambridge, Massachusetts

World Ranking: 3

4. California Institute of Technology (Caltech) (click)

Underpinning

The underpinning is an arrangement of supports provided underneath the existing structures without disturbing its stability. The underpinning is required in the following situations:

1. When a building wit deep foundation is to be constructed to an existing buildings.

2) when the settlement of existing foundation has taken place, resulting in serious cracks in the  wall.

3) when the basement is to be provided to an existing building.

4) when the existing foundations are to be deepened so as to rest them on soil of higher bearing power.

The underpinning may be carried out by the pit method or pile method.

Classification of Bricks

The bricks are classified as under:

1. First Class Bricks
These bricks are well brunt having smooth and ecen surface with perfect rectangualr shape and uniform reddish colour. These bricks should not absorb water more than 20% of its own dry weight after 24 hours of immersion in water. It should have a minimum crushing strength of 10.5 MN/m^2

2) Second Class Bricks
 These brikcs are slightly over brunt having rough surface and nor perfectly rectangular in shape. These bricks should nor absorb water more than 22 percent of its own dry weight after 24 hours immersion in water.It should have a minimum crushing strength of 7.5 MN/m^2

3) Third Class Bricks
These bricks are not brunt in the kiln and hence these are soft and can be easily broken. These bricks should not absorb water more than 25 percent of its own dry weight after 24 hours immersion in water.

4) Jhama / poor Bricks
These bricks are over brunt with irregular shape. These bricks are dark and bluish colour.

The standard size of the bricks are 19 cm * 9 cm * 4 cm
The specific gravity of brick is about 2 .
the number of bricks required for 1 cubic meter of brick masonry is 562.

Difference between Triangulation vs. Trilateration

Triangulation

In this process, all the angles and 1 baseline distance are measured in the field of a triangle.
With the help of these measurements the side lengths are computed on the basis of measured angles applying sine law.

Trilateration

In this process, all the sides of  a triangle are measured in the field.
With the help of these distance, the angles are computed applying cosine law.

Stress Strain Diagram for Mild Steel

The stress- strain diagram for a mild steel specimen under tensile test is shown in Fig. We see that from O to A is a straight line which represents that the stress is proportional to strain. It is thus obvious that Hook's law holds good up-to point A, which is called elastic limit. When the material is stressed beyond this limit (i.e point A), the strain increases more quickly than the stress. The points B and C are called the upper yield point and lower yield point respectively. The stress corresponding to point D is called Ultimate Stress. After the specimen has reached the ultimate stress, a neck is formed which decreases the cross-sectional area of the specimen. A little consideration will show that the stress (or load) necessary to break away the specimen at point E is less than the ultimate stress. The stress corresponding to point E is called Breaking Point.

Some of the formula are shown in the figure below:

TYPES OF BEAM

Following are the major types of beams:

1) Cantilever Beam: A beam fixed at one end and free at the other end is known as cantilever beam.

2) Simply Supported beam : A beam supported at its both end is known as simple supported beam.

3) Overhanging beam: A beam having its end portion extended beyond the support is known as overhanging beam. A beam may be overhanging on one or both side.

4) Fixed Beams: A beam whose both ends are fixed is known as fixed beams.

5) Continuous beam: A beam supported on more than two supports is known as continuous beam.

Projectile

A particle which is moving under the combined effect of vertical and horizontal forces is called Projectile.

Following terms are used in projectile:

1) Trajectory: It is the path traced by a projectile in the space.
3) Velocity of projection: It is the velocity with which a projectile is prjected.
3) Angle of projection: It is the angle, with the horizontal, at which the projectile is projected.
4) Time of flight: It is the total time taken by a projectile, to reach maximum height and to return back to the ground.
Range: It is the distance between the point of projection and the point where the projectile strikes the ground.

Equation of Path of Projectile
Let
O = point of projection
v= velocity of projection
Alpha = Angle of projection with the horizontal

After time t , The equation of the path of [projectile or the equation of trajectory is given by

y= xtan(alpha) - (gx^2/2u^2cos^2alpha)

1) Time of flight  (t)= (2usin(alpha)/g)

2) Range (R) = (u^2sin2(alpha) / g)

3) Maximum Height (H) = u^2 sin^2alpha / 2g

WHAT ARE THE MOST SEARCHED THING ON GOOGLE ?

1) POLITICAL PERSONS and POLITICAL NEWS

 People from all around the world are interested in politics of their own country as well as of other countries. So, search of politics is common. Some of the most searched things are:

1.  TRUMP
2.  VLADIMIR PUTIN
3.  KIM JONG UN
4.  NARENDRA MODI 
5.  US ELECTION
6.  WAR AT MIDDLE EAST 

2) CELEBRITIES

People follow their loved ones. They always like to read about them and get inspired by their work.
Some of the most searched personalities are:

1.  Leonardo DiCaprio
2.  Meghan Markle
3.  Beyoncé
4.  Brad Pitt
5. Tom Hiddleston
6.  Meghan Markle
7. Marion Cotillard
8. Amir, Salman, Sharukh Khan 
9. Indian Actresses
10. Name of the recent films 

3) SPORTS PERSON AND STATS 

People follows their sports idol. Football is most searched, then comes rugby, basketball and cricket and the stats of the games, players and their ranking. 

Some of the person are : 

1.  Messi
2.  Ronaldo 
3. Coutinho
4. Neymar
5. Kevin Durant
6. Michael Phelps
7. Steph Curry
8. Virat Kholi
9. AB devilliars
10. Stats about the players 

4) PRODUCTS and  INFO

People search the products they want and always look for the best option by looking their reviews, specifications and price. Top products searched are:

1. Mobile
2. Iphone
3. Laptops 
4. Games
5. Books
6. Software and apps 
7. Other gadgets 

(*The list provided above are not the ranking. )

Role of Engineer in Local Infrastructure Development

1) GUARANTEE BUILDING RESILIENCE


2) PLANNING LOCAL PROJECTS


3) DRM STRATEGIES AT LOCAL LEVEL


4) RESEARCH, TRAINING AND LEADERSHIP


5) UPLIFT ECONOMY 

WHY DO WE NEED METRO IN KATHMANDU ?

भुमिका नबाधि  !!
Lets go  straight into points :

1) Increase in POPULATION and their means of transport

Population of Kathmandu is increasing by 6-10 % per year. This will automatically increase the means of transportaion as people always want to travel in their own vehicle. The rate of increase of vehicle is doubling per year. (Link)
That means, no matter how wide the road will be, it will  always be insufficient to run this many vehicles.
" बाबुरामले बाटो बढाए - हामी खुसी छौ , तर अब बाबुरामका बाउ नै आएर बाटो बडाएनी पुग्दैन !! ठाउँ नै छैन , येत्रो हुन्छ  "

2) FAST and carry large number of people 

Metro is fucking fast !! If you are reading from outside countries, then you know it ! I can see in the movies, videos and pictures.
Also, it can carry large number of people at a single time. As the population of Kathmandu will always increase, there will be large number of people going in their work/offices and they can easily go/come by Metro. Tried people will prefer METRO instead of bike or cars. They would prefer private vehicle only for holidays/visits.
"जति पछाडी सरे पनि ठाउँ हुन्छ !! दुई लाईन मात्रै होइन दस लाईन सम्म बस्न मिल्छ !! २ मिनेटमा घर देखी अफिश पुगिन्छ  " !!

3) Use of Clean energy and NO POLLUTION 

As metro uses electricity, we can easily afford its energy consumption. New hydro-powers will be built by the time we will finish constructing METRO.
Also, pollution level will decrease drastically in Kathmandu.
" बती पनि बाल्नी, मेट्रो पनि चड्नि !! स्वछ हावा खानी , निरोगी बन्नी , काम गर्नी , पैसो कमाउनि " !!

4) YES WE HAVE MONEY 

Question will arise, Do we have enough money to construct METRO in KATHMANDU ?
YESSS !!
Its not a 1 year investment, we can separate certain percentage of Budget every year. If its not sufficient we can either take loan or give it to International Company !! ( BOOT गर्नी )
BOOT : Build,Own, Operate, Transfer (१०-२० वर्ष पछि नेपाल को हुन्छ )

"पैला बजेट बाट खर्च गर्नी, नत्र ऋण लिनी !!!  ADB, World Bank के का लागि !! देन भने , मेट्रो चाहियो भनेर मै letter लेखौला !! "


5) UNDERGROUND or OVERHEAD/ELEVATED

Another question is, do we have enough space to construct metro in Kathmandu roads ?
AGAIN YESS !!
We can either construct elevated metro or underground. Elevated metro can be made on the center of Kathmandu roads. It takes less than 2 m space for erecting columns and no matter how much it takes on the air !!
Also, study can be made to construct under the existing road. But, it seems a bit impossible coz of high Ground Water Table in Kathmandu and low bearing capacity of soils !!

"कि त जमिन मुनि कुदाउनि  , कि त चट्ट view हेर्दै रोड माथि कुदाउनि ! मेट्रो चाई कुदाउनि नै हो !!! "

( I thought of writing this while I was standing for whole 1 hour going for my exams ; Kausaltar-Kalimati !! It was fucking hot , congested and I was stressed !!
Some designs are already there, but I wish I design the new Metro System for Ktm !
cheers !!
Some of my initial designs are as follows ...  )